4 December 01, 2015
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1. Valery I. Glazko, Tatiana T. Glazko
Reproductive “Success” and Population-Genetic Consequences of Environmental Stress on the Example of Accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima
Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 316-326.
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Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 316-326.
Abstract:
The analysis of inheritance of ISSR-PCR markers, the frequency of the cytogenetic anomaly occurrences in two generations (F1, F2) of cattle which were born in the experimental vivarium of the "Novoshepelichy" in the conditions of high levels of ionizing irradiation in the result of the accident on the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was carried out. Genotyping was performed with using as primers in polymerase chain reaction the fragments of 5 dinucleotide and 6 trinucleotide microsatellite loci, in total on the 162 genomic DNA fragments flanked by inverted repeats of microsatellites. On average, the proportion of polymorphic loci, polymorphic information content (PIC) of the spectra of amplification products were not reduced in two generations of descendants in compared with the parent generation (F0), despite the all animals had the same father (F0). Average PIC values from the spectra of amplicons of all 11 primers revealed a significant increase in PIC per locus per individual in the F2 generation compared to the F0 generation (P < 0.001). The decrease of the cytogenetic anomaly frequencies in blood cells in F1 and F2 generations was observed, that corresponded to identified in different species which reproduced in a number of generations in conditions of chronic action of unfavourable environmental stress factors (zones of "risky breeding" in South Gobi – cattle, sheep, yaks; a high level of radioactive contamination – species of voles). The obtaining data indicated that such conditions lead to the preferred reproduction of multi-locus heterozygotes in the spectra of DNA markers and animals with a relatively increased stability of the chromosomal apparatus. The prospects of using the reproduction success of the carriers of these characteristics as an integral indicator of selective effect of environmental stress factors were discussed.
The analysis of inheritance of ISSR-PCR markers, the frequency of the cytogenetic anomaly occurrences in two generations (F1, F2) of cattle which were born in the experimental vivarium of the "Novoshepelichy" in the conditions of high levels of ionizing irradiation in the result of the accident on the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was carried out. Genotyping was performed with using as primers in polymerase chain reaction the fragments of 5 dinucleotide and 6 trinucleotide microsatellite loci, in total on the 162 genomic DNA fragments flanked by inverted repeats of microsatellites. On average, the proportion of polymorphic loci, polymorphic information content (PIC) of the spectra of amplification products were not reduced in two generations of descendants in compared with the parent generation (F0), despite the all animals had the same father (F0). Average PIC values from the spectra of amplicons of all 11 primers revealed a significant increase in PIC per locus per individual in the F2 generation compared to the F0 generation (P < 0.001). The decrease of the cytogenetic anomaly frequencies in blood cells in F1 and F2 generations was observed, that corresponded to identified in different species which reproduced in a number of generations in conditions of chronic action of unfavourable environmental stress factors (zones of "risky breeding" in South Gobi – cattle, sheep, yaks; a high level of radioactive contamination – species of voles). The obtaining data indicated that such conditions lead to the preferred reproduction of multi-locus heterozygotes in the spectra of DNA markers and animals with a relatively increased stability of the chromosomal apparatus. The prospects of using the reproduction success of the carriers of these characteristics as an integral indicator of selective effect of environmental stress factors were discussed.
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Articles and Statements
2. Vyacheslav S. Anisimov, Dmitry V. Dikarev, Lidia N. Anisimova, Yury N. Korneev, Ilja V. Kochetkov
The Influence of Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics on Bioavailability of 60Co
Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 327-344.
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3. Anatoly P. Endovitsky, Tatyana M. Minkina, Valery P. KalinitchenkoBiogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 327-344.
Abstract:
Based on the study of the relationships between the physico-chemical characteristics of different mineral soils that have previously spiked with the same amounts of 60Co, and the uptake of this radionuclide in the above-ground parts of test plants, there were estimated the abilities of the soils to limit the mobility of the radionuclide in the soil – plant system (soils inactivating abilities – SIA). To evaluate the latter in relation to 60Co, the model vegetation pot experiment was carried out in controlled conditions, using as test plant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). With the aim of providing a wide range of variation of the studied physico-chemical parameters, there were selected soil samples from arable and humus-accumulative horizons of the 16 types, species and varieties of soils belonging to different climatic zones of the European part of the Russian Federation in the quantities sufficient for the determination of physical and chemical characteristics of the soils and for the vegetation experiment conducting. Based on the obtained experimental results the effect of each of the selected indicators of soil condition on the radionuclide uptake by test plants was determined. To do this, the methods of principal components and multiple regression analysis were used. At first, the independent variables (physical and chemical indicators of soil condition), which, as supposed, rendered the influence on the uptake of 60Co by plants were selected with use the principal components method. Further, on the basis of private correlation coefficients, calculated using the linear regression model, the contribution of soil characteristics in SIA was estimated and their ranking was produced. Directly the values of the SIA in relation to the investigated radionuclide, expressed in scores, for each soil were calculated as the sum of products of contributions corresponding soil characteristics in the variation of resultant (concentration ratio – CR 60Co) on a dimensionless quantity, equal to the difference between the specific and minimum values of the soil characteristics (variables) in the sampling to the scale of variation of the relevant variables in the sampling.
Based on the study of the relationships between the physico-chemical characteristics of different mineral soils that have previously spiked with the same amounts of 60Co, and the uptake of this radionuclide in the above-ground parts of test plants, there were estimated the abilities of the soils to limit the mobility of the radionuclide in the soil – plant system (soils inactivating abilities – SIA). To evaluate the latter in relation to 60Co, the model vegetation pot experiment was carried out in controlled conditions, using as test plant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). With the aim of providing a wide range of variation of the studied physico-chemical parameters, there were selected soil samples from arable and humus-accumulative horizons of the 16 types, species and varieties of soils belonging to different climatic zones of the European part of the Russian Federation in the quantities sufficient for the determination of physical and chemical characteristics of the soils and for the vegetation experiment conducting. Based on the obtained experimental results the effect of each of the selected indicators of soil condition on the radionuclide uptake by test plants was determined. To do this, the methods of principal components and multiple regression analysis were used. At first, the independent variables (physical and chemical indicators of soil condition), which, as supposed, rendered the influence on the uptake of 60Co by plants were selected with use the principal components method. Further, on the basis of private correlation coefficients, calculated using the linear regression model, the contribution of soil characteristics in SIA was estimated and their ranking was produced. Directly the values of the SIA in relation to the investigated radionuclide, expressed in scores, for each soil were calculated as the sum of products of contributions corresponding soil characteristics in the variation of resultant (concentration ratio – CR 60Co) on a dimensionless quantity, equal to the difference between the specific and minimum values of the soil characteristics (variables) in the sampling to the scale of variation of the relevant variables in the sampling.
Number of views: 1807 Download in PDF
Thermodynamic Status of Strontium in Chernozem at Application of Phosphogypsum
Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 345-362.
Number of views: 1869 Download in PDF
4. Valery I. Glazko, Maria A. Elkina, Tatiana T. GlazkoBiogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 345-362.
Abstract:
The thermodynamic state of major ions and Sr in carbonate chernozem of the Krasnodar Territory in making it phosphogypsum at doses of 10, 20, 40 t/ha is researched in the model experiment. On a basis of classical theory of electrolytes of solution in a model system, the mathematical model is proposed for calculating the thermodynamic state of Sr in the soil solution and the aqueous extract using the molar concentration values of the formal charge of the ions and ion pairs, as well as their activity coefficients. Given the association of ions and ionic strength the Sr activity in water extract compared to the ideal solution depending on the dose of phosphogypsum 10, 20, 40 t/ha reduces by 40; 44; 52 %. Estimated activity of Ca2+ is decreased, respectively, by 41; 44; 53 %. It is a thermodynamic explanation of the increase of molar concentration of Ca/Sr ratio in soil at phosphogypsum apply. The thermodynamic state of Sr in chernozem shows that at a dose of phosphogypsum 34 t/ha the molar concentration of Ca/Sr ratio does not reach a dangerous value in terms of the occurrence of the Kashin-Beck disease.
The thermodynamic state of major ions and Sr in carbonate chernozem of the Krasnodar Territory in making it phosphogypsum at doses of 10, 20, 40 t/ha is researched in the model experiment. On a basis of classical theory of electrolytes of solution in a model system, the mathematical model is proposed for calculating the thermodynamic state of Sr in the soil solution and the aqueous extract using the molar concentration values of the formal charge of the ions and ion pairs, as well as their activity coefficients. Given the association of ions and ionic strength the Sr activity in water extract compared to the ideal solution depending on the dose of phosphogypsum 10, 20, 40 t/ha reduces by 40; 44; 52 %. Estimated activity of Ca2+ is decreased, respectively, by 41; 44; 53 %. It is a thermodynamic explanation of the increase of molar concentration of Ca/Sr ratio in soil at phosphogypsum apply. The thermodynamic state of Sr in chernozem shows that at a dose of phosphogypsum 34 t/ha the molar concentration of Ca/Sr ratio does not reach a dangerous value in terms of the occurrence of the Kashin-Beck disease.
Number of views: 1869 Download in PDF
Genomic Scanning Using the Retrotransposon Fragments as "Anchors", in Animals and Plants
Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 363-373.
Number of views: 1838 Download in PDF
5. Vladimir G. LoshakovBiogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 363-373.
Abstract:
Possibilities of using the terminal fragments of mobile elements of plants and animals for polyloci genotyping (genome scan) of agricultural species of animals and plants were discussed. The results of using as primers in polymerase chain reaction the terminal fragments of endogenous retroviruses dicotyledons and monocotyledons as "anchors" for polyloci genotyping allowed to assert the high representation of mobile elements, typical of plants, in the genomes of cattle, sheep, horses. The identified polymorphism of IRAP-markers (Inter-Retrotransposon Amplyfied Polymorphism) estimated by the polymorphism of DNA fragments flanked by terminal portions of plant endogenous retroviruses in genomes of farm animals, enabled to offer their using to detect the species and intraspecies differentiation of farm animal groups. Polymorphism of IRAP-markers evaluated when used as primers the fragments of endogenous retroviruses of plants and animals, allowed to choose the locus combinations to establish membership to the particular animal (species, breed, interbreed) groups. The results of genotyping the dicotyledons (G. soja, G. max) and monocots (T. aestivum) with the use as primer of the long terminal repeat of retrotransposon, first identified in soybean, testify the presence in genomes of monocots a large number of fragments, homologous to the inverted terminal repeats of endogenous retroviruses of dicotyledons. High level of IRAP-marker polymorphism allowed the targeted search the genomic sites, polymorphism of which could be associated with the influence of factors of natural and artificial selections. The presence of the long terminal repeats of the same endogenous retroviruses in plant and animal genomes, revealed in the genome sequences of the wheat and G. max, cattle, sheep and horses, belonging to different kingdom, reflected the existence of common pool of mobile elements in general.
Possibilities of using the terminal fragments of mobile elements of plants and animals for polyloci genotyping (genome scan) of agricultural species of animals and plants were discussed. The results of using as primers in polymerase chain reaction the terminal fragments of endogenous retroviruses dicotyledons and monocotyledons as "anchors" for polyloci genotyping allowed to assert the high representation of mobile elements, typical of plants, in the genomes of cattle, sheep, horses. The identified polymorphism of IRAP-markers (Inter-Retrotransposon Amplyfied Polymorphism) estimated by the polymorphism of DNA fragments flanked by terminal portions of plant endogenous retroviruses in genomes of farm animals, enabled to offer their using to detect the species and intraspecies differentiation of farm animal groups. Polymorphism of IRAP-markers evaluated when used as primers the fragments of endogenous retroviruses of plants and animals, allowed to choose the locus combinations to establish membership to the particular animal (species, breed, interbreed) groups. The results of genotyping the dicotyledons (G. soja, G. max) and monocots (T. aestivum) with the use as primer of the long terminal repeat of retrotransposon, first identified in soybean, testify the presence in genomes of monocots a large number of fragments, homologous to the inverted terminal repeats of endogenous retroviruses of dicotyledons. High level of IRAP-marker polymorphism allowed the targeted search the genomic sites, polymorphism of which could be associated with the influence of factors of natural and artificial selections. The presence of the long terminal repeats of the same endogenous retroviruses in plant and animal genomes, revealed in the genome sequences of the wheat and G. max, cattle, sheep and horses, belonging to different kingdom, reflected the existence of common pool of mobile elements in general.
Number of views: 1838 Download in PDF
The Green Manure as a Factor of Agriculture Biologization and Nature-Similar Agrotechnology
Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 374-395.
Number of views: 1837 Download in PDF
6. Evgeny V. Shein, Ahmed Y. Mady, El Hassna A. MohamedBiogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 374-395.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the development of the Russian and global agriculture disclosed agrolandscape environmental problems, the role of green plants in the development of biosphere, soil formation and the main indicator of fertility – humus. The dark side is shown of man-made technologies, which have caused world environmental problems. Theoretically and experimentally proved the need for further development of agriculture on the basis of biologizing nature-similar agricultural technologies, one of which is green manure. Based on the own long-term original research, and the research results of many scientific institutions in our country and abroad, is proposed the promising technology using green manure in relation to the specific soil and climatic conditions. The high agro-technical, agro-ecological, energy-saving and cost-effectiveness is shown of the coupled fallow, intercropping, second crop’s green manure combined with straw on a background of mineral fertilizers. Optimal synthesis of biological and man-made nature-similar reproduction of soil fertility enhances crop yields and production of ecologically clean agricultural products. This determines the biogeosystem value of green manuring in environmentally sound agriculture, makes it possible to overcome the contradiction between development of modern agro-ecosystems and biosphere, draw through agriculture in the Earth's biosphere the extra energy to create additional biological substance.
The article analyzes the development of the Russian and global agriculture disclosed agrolandscape environmental problems, the role of green plants in the development of biosphere, soil formation and the main indicator of fertility – humus. The dark side is shown of man-made technologies, which have caused world environmental problems. Theoretically and experimentally proved the need for further development of agriculture on the basis of biologizing nature-similar agricultural technologies, one of which is green manure. Based on the own long-term original research, and the research results of many scientific institutions in our country and abroad, is proposed the promising technology using green manure in relation to the specific soil and climatic conditions. The high agro-technical, agro-ecological, energy-saving and cost-effectiveness is shown of the coupled fallow, intercropping, second crop’s green manure combined with straw on a background of mineral fertilizers. Optimal synthesis of biological and man-made nature-similar reproduction of soil fertility enhances crop yields and production of ecologically clean agricultural products. This determines the biogeosystem value of green manuring in environmentally sound agriculture, makes it possible to overcome the contradiction between development of modern agro-ecosystems and biosphere, draw through agriculture in the Earth's biosphere the extra energy to create additional biological substance.
Number of views: 1837 Download in PDF
Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Assessment by Direct and Pedotransfer Functions Methods
Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 396-400.
Number of views: 1848 Download in PDF
7. Biogeosystem Technique, 2015, Vol.(6), Is. 4, pp. 396-400.
Abstract:
The aim of the work is to study the efficiency of PedoTransfer Functions (PTFs) to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) from indirect methods (PTFs), by comparing the experimental saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks0) that was determined from direct method with Ks were estimated from indirect methods (PTFs). Different indirect methods (PTFs) are used to estimate Ks: Wösten (1997) (Ks1), Wösten et al (1999) (Ks2), Cosby et al (1984) (Ks3), Saxton et al (1986) (Ks4), Vereecken et al (1990) (Ks5) and Ferrer-Juliа et al (2004) (Ks6). The results observed that (PTFs) are depending on: bulk density, organic matter, Clay and Sand contents. The efficiency of (PTFs) is estimated on the correlation between these parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity. (PTFs) depend on clay and sand percents which forming macro and micro pores while don’t depended on silt content .There were positive strong correlations between Ks0 and (Ks1), (Ks4), (Ks3), (Ks6) and (Ks5), correlation (r2) were (0.846, 0.798, 0.785, 0.719 and 0.667) respectively.
The aim of the work is to study the efficiency of PedoTransfer Functions (PTFs) to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) from indirect methods (PTFs), by comparing the experimental saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks0) that was determined from direct method with Ks were estimated from indirect methods (PTFs). Different indirect methods (PTFs) are used to estimate Ks: Wösten (1997) (Ks1), Wösten et al (1999) (Ks2), Cosby et al (1984) (Ks3), Saxton et al (1986) (Ks4), Vereecken et al (1990) (Ks5) and Ferrer-Juliа et al (2004) (Ks6). The results observed that (PTFs) are depending on: bulk density, organic matter, Clay and Sand contents. The efficiency of (PTFs) is estimated on the correlation between these parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity. (PTFs) depend on clay and sand percents which forming macro and micro pores while don’t depended on silt content .There were positive strong correlations between Ks0 and (Ks1), (Ks4), (Ks3), (Ks6) and (Ks5), correlation (r2) were (0.846, 0.798, 0.785, 0.719 and 0.667) respectively.
Number of views: 1848 Download in PDF