1 March 31, 2016
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1. Valery I. Glazko, Tatiana T. Glazko
Biosocial Consequences of Industrial Accidents and Social Crises (Chernobyl, Fukushima)
Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 4-16.
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Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 4-16.
Abstract:
The own and literature data on population-genetic consequences of the reproduction of different mammalian species under conditions of high levels of ionizing radiation as a result of the accident at Chernobyl and Fukushima NPP were discussed. Such conditions contributed to genomic instability of the parent population directly by increased doses of ionizing radiation, and to preferred reproduction of offspring with a relatively more stable of the chromosomal apparatus. We could expect that the relative reproductive success of carriers of increased genomic stability under conditions of environmental changes could be used as an integral indicator of resistance to selective action of environmental stress factors. The importance of transgenerational transmission of symptoms of post-traumatic syndrome and its mechanisms, including the microRNA transfer via spermatozoa, changes in the microbiota of the parents and children, as well as cultural inheritance, to explain the complexity observed radiobiological effects and their transmission into generations were discussed. It was concluded that the frequent man-made accidents (like Chernobyl and Fukushima) and economic crises carry the risk of biosocial consequences in the structure of society, based on epigenetic inheritance, and cultural micro and macro biotic changes.
The own and literature data on population-genetic consequences of the reproduction of different mammalian species under conditions of high levels of ionizing radiation as a result of the accident at Chernobyl and Fukushima NPP were discussed. Such conditions contributed to genomic instability of the parent population directly by increased doses of ionizing radiation, and to preferred reproduction of offspring with a relatively more stable of the chromosomal apparatus. We could expect that the relative reproductive success of carriers of increased genomic stability under conditions of environmental changes could be used as an integral indicator of resistance to selective action of environmental stress factors. The importance of transgenerational transmission of symptoms of post-traumatic syndrome and its mechanisms, including the microRNA transfer via spermatozoa, changes in the microbiota of the parents and children, as well as cultural inheritance, to explain the complexity observed radiobiological effects and their transmission into generations were discussed. It was concluded that the frequent man-made accidents (like Chernobyl and Fukushima) and economic crises carry the risk of biosocial consequences in the structure of society, based on epigenetic inheritance, and cultural micro and macro biotic changes.
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Articles and Statements
2. Vyacheslav S. Anisimov, Natalia I. Sanzharova, Rudolph M. Alexakhin
Behavior of 137Cs in the System Soil – Plant in the Stationary Sampling Sites Located Within the 30-Kilometer Zone of the Chernobyl NPP in the Period 1987-1992: Forms of Fallout and Chemical Speciation Dynamics of 137Cs Located in Soils
Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 17-40.
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3. Aleksandr I. Dutov, Fedor N. Lisetskii, Sergey V. DubchakBiogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 17-40.
Abstract:
When studying the behaviour of radionuclides – fission products of nuclear fuel, released into natural ecosystems after the Chernobyl accident, significant differences were found in migration capacity of 137Cs global fallout and Chernobyl origin. This is because the radionuclide in the Chernobyl fallout, in contrast to the global, entered to the surface of the earth not only in water-soluble form, but also in the composition of particles of nuclear fuel and composite materials of different dispersion. On the territory of 30-km zone around Chernobyl NPP were allocated to 2 areas, which differ in the form of depositions of radionuclides. The first, which was called the "near" area (2-15 km from the emergency unit of the ChNPP), dominated by the fuel component (the coefficients of fractionation of the non-volatile 144Се and 90Sr to 137Cs ≥ 1). In the second zone, named "remote" (15-35 km from ChNPP), was dominated the condensation component (f144Се/137Cs and f90Sr/137Cs < 1). In "near" to the damaged reactor zone properties of 137Cs, 90Sr and 144Се are largely determined by its localization within fuel particles, which are transforming in turn under the influence, primarily, of air oxygen and water. Thus, the content in the soils of mobile 90Sr in 1987, was 26.8 % in the "near" zone (v. Krasnoe) and 45.7 % in the "remote" zone (v. Radin). This is 3.6 and 1.3 times less of the relative content of mobile 90Sr in 1990. By 1990 there was a complete transformation of a primary fuel particles, as indicated the data about: almost complete 144Ce extraction from soils by 1 N solution of hydrochloric acid in 1990; about the reduction of the quantity of unleacheable 137Cs in soil in 1988 and especially in 1990 compared to 1987; and the fact that there is huge increase in the relative content of mobile 90Sr in 1990 as compared to 1987 in the soils of "near" zone where was dominated the fuel component of fallout. Due to the transformation of the fuel particles already in 1988 the mobility in soil and, consequently, the availability for the root uptake by plants of 137Cs, which is incorporated within the transformed fuel matrix, was higher than the mobility of the radionuclide in the soil exchange complex. The content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs was relatively high in the first year after the accident (9.5-30.1 and 12.7-41.2 %, respectively) and then decreased according to the exponential law due process of irreversible fixation of radionuclide by soils: dC/dt=-bС, where C is the content of the corresponding form of the radionuclide in soil; b – coefficient of proportionality. Calculated for automorphous soils located in "near" to the reactor zone, half-reduction periods of relative content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs in soil was equal to 3.7 and 7.0 years, respectively, and for automorphous soils of the "remote" zone – 2.7 and 4.8 years. For hydromorphous soils of "near" zone the half-reduction periods of the relative content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs was 1.8 and 3.2 years, for "remote" zone soils – 1.4 and 1.9 years, respectively.
When studying the behaviour of radionuclides – fission products of nuclear fuel, released into natural ecosystems after the Chernobyl accident, significant differences were found in migration capacity of 137Cs global fallout and Chernobyl origin. This is because the radionuclide in the Chernobyl fallout, in contrast to the global, entered to the surface of the earth not only in water-soluble form, but also in the composition of particles of nuclear fuel and composite materials of different dispersion. On the territory of 30-km zone around Chernobyl NPP were allocated to 2 areas, which differ in the form of depositions of radionuclides. The first, which was called the "near" area (2-15 km from the emergency unit of the ChNPP), dominated by the fuel component (the coefficients of fractionation of the non-volatile 144Се and 90Sr to 137Cs ≥ 1). In the second zone, named "remote" (15-35 km from ChNPP), was dominated the condensation component (f144Се/137Cs and f90Sr/137Cs < 1). In "near" to the damaged reactor zone properties of 137Cs, 90Sr and 144Се are largely determined by its localization within fuel particles, which are transforming in turn under the influence, primarily, of air oxygen and water. Thus, the content in the soils of mobile 90Sr in 1987, was 26.8 % in the "near" zone (v. Krasnoe) and 45.7 % in the "remote" zone (v. Radin). This is 3.6 and 1.3 times less of the relative content of mobile 90Sr in 1990. By 1990 there was a complete transformation of a primary fuel particles, as indicated the data about: almost complete 144Ce extraction from soils by 1 N solution of hydrochloric acid in 1990; about the reduction of the quantity of unleacheable 137Cs in soil in 1988 and especially in 1990 compared to 1987; and the fact that there is huge increase in the relative content of mobile 90Sr in 1990 as compared to 1987 in the soils of "near" zone where was dominated the fuel component of fallout. Due to the transformation of the fuel particles already in 1988 the mobility in soil and, consequently, the availability for the root uptake by plants of 137Cs, which is incorporated within the transformed fuel matrix, was higher than the mobility of the radionuclide in the soil exchange complex. The content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs was relatively high in the first year after the accident (9.5-30.1 and 12.7-41.2 %, respectively) and then decreased according to the exponential law due process of irreversible fixation of radionuclide by soils: dC/dt=-bС, where C is the content of the corresponding form of the radionuclide in soil; b – coefficient of proportionality. Calculated for automorphous soils located in "near" to the reactor zone, half-reduction periods of relative content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs in soil was equal to 3.7 and 7.0 years, respectively, and for automorphous soils of the "remote" zone – 2.7 and 4.8 years. For hydromorphous soils of "near" zone the half-reduction periods of the relative content of exchangeable and mobile forms of 137Cs was 1.8 and 3.2 years, for "remote" zone soils – 1.4 and 1.9 years, respectively.
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Organization of Crop Production at Radioactively Contaminated Areas: Environmental and Biological Aspects
Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 41-48.
Number of views: 1900 Download in PDF
4. Fedor N. Lisetskii, Aleksandr N. Muntianmd, Ksenija V. ZholumskayaBiogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 41-48.
Abstract:
The modern environmental and biological approaches to the selection of field agricultural crops for cultivation at contaminated areas are considered. It is established, that the satiation of rotations with agricultural crops differed by potentially low capacity to accumulate 137Сs, can significantly extend the areal of radioactively contaminated lands use for production of guaranteed safe products. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on radiocaesium uptake by plants is analyzed. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhiza to modify significantly radiocaesium accumulation by agricultural crops is found.
The modern environmental and biological approaches to the selection of field agricultural crops for cultivation at contaminated areas are considered. It is established, that the satiation of rotations with agricultural crops differed by potentially low capacity to accumulate 137Сs, can significantly extend the areal of radioactively contaminated lands use for production of guaranteed safe products. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on radiocaesium uptake by plants is analyzed. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhiza to modify significantly radiocaesium accumulation by agricultural crops is found.
Number of views: 1900 Download in PDF
Duration Estimating Spending Soil under Active Development of Erosion Processes
Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 49-64.
Number of views: 1843 Download in PDF
5. Alexander I. Melchenko, Maxim V. Tatarin, Evgene A. MelchenkoBiogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 49-64.
Abstract:
Preconditions of formation of soil conservation farming systems and prospects of irrigation reclamation development in the context of active manifestations of water erosion (for example, strongly dissected the central part of the Republic of Moldova) were investigated. It was found that over the past 20 years due to the intensification of agricultural production, the use of heavy equipment and the use of irrigation washability value of land increased by 1.5-2 times. It is shown that within the subsystem slope position-dynamic type agrolandscapes units have views of the landscape rather narrow bands. Their boundaries can be justified not only by the methods of landscape mapping, but also with the help of an integrated indicator of the potential duration of soil consumption, which includes stock assessment of soil resources and resource velocity forming and soil-destroying processes. This approach is complemented by the use of a series of micro-climatic irregularities card (first of all, heat and moisture) with quantitative gradation in the legend, and executed with the help of geographic information technologies allows for typing agroecological land and determine the most rational location for eco-restoration measures. As a result, the integrated application of biogeosystem-technology methods, adaptive-landscape approaches to land management in the face of strong manifestation of erosion there are new opportunities for controlling soil expenditure within the boundaries of landscape strips as the operating units contour-reclamation organization of agricultural landscapes to ensure the conditions of ecological rehabilitation of degraded land in the conservation mode, or annealing, as well as the creation of conditions for the conservation of biological diversity.
Preconditions of formation of soil conservation farming systems and prospects of irrigation reclamation development in the context of active manifestations of water erosion (for example, strongly dissected the central part of the Republic of Moldova) were investigated. It was found that over the past 20 years due to the intensification of agricultural production, the use of heavy equipment and the use of irrigation washability value of land increased by 1.5-2 times. It is shown that within the subsystem slope position-dynamic type agrolandscapes units have views of the landscape rather narrow bands. Their boundaries can be justified not only by the methods of landscape mapping, but also with the help of an integrated indicator of the potential duration of soil consumption, which includes stock assessment of soil resources and resource velocity forming and soil-destroying processes. This approach is complemented by the use of a series of micro-climatic irregularities card (first of all, heat and moisture) with quantitative gradation in the legend, and executed with the help of geographic information technologies allows for typing agroecological land and determine the most rational location for eco-restoration measures. As a result, the integrated application of biogeosystem-technology methods, adaptive-landscape approaches to land management in the face of strong manifestation of erosion there are new opportunities for controlling soil expenditure within the boundaries of landscape strips as the operating units contour-reclamation organization of agricultural landscapes to ensure the conditions of ecological rehabilitation of degraded land in the conservation mode, or annealing, as well as the creation of conditions for the conservation of biological diversity.
Number of views: 1843 Download in PDF
Deepening 90Sr to the Soil as an Option to Reduce Its Accumulation in Vegetative and Generative Parts of Shrubs
Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 65-76.
Number of views: 1852 Download in PDF
6. Evgeny V. Shein, Galina V. Kharitonova, Evgeny Yu. MilanovskyBiogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 65-76.
Abstract:
In the field stationary experiment in All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Biological Protection of Plants the study is fulfilled of migration and accumulation of 90Sr in vegetative and generative organs of shrubs – the Filbert (Corylus maxima L.), the Dogwood (Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz.) – at artificial placement of radionuclide on the soil surface and to the depth of 50 cm. The study of 90Sr under the Filbert was of 18 years long. It was determined that placement of radionuclide to the depth of 50 cm compared to soil surface placement causes statistically reliable reduction of 90Sr accumulation in the nut kernel of Filbert. Variability of 90Sr accumulation in Filbert bark at placement of radionuclide to the depth of 50 cm compared to soil surface placement was statistically unreliable. In Filbert kernel the accumulation of 90Sr was 1.4 times less when radionuclide placed to the depth of 50 cm compared to its soil surface placement. The study of 90Sr under the Dogwood was of 12 years long. The placement of radionuclide to the depth of 50 cm compared to soil surface placement causes reduction of 90Sr accumulation in the bark, wood and leaves for 3,6; 2,2 and 3,0 times respectively.
In the field stationary experiment in All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Biological Protection of Plants the study is fulfilled of migration and accumulation of 90Sr in vegetative and generative organs of shrubs – the Filbert (Corylus maxima L.), the Dogwood (Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz.) – at artificial placement of radionuclide on the soil surface and to the depth of 50 cm. The study of 90Sr under the Filbert was of 18 years long. It was determined that placement of radionuclide to the depth of 50 cm compared to soil surface placement causes statistically reliable reduction of 90Sr accumulation in the nut kernel of Filbert. Variability of 90Sr accumulation in Filbert bark at placement of radionuclide to the depth of 50 cm compared to soil surface placement was statistically unreliable. In Filbert kernel the accumulation of 90Sr was 1.4 times less when radionuclide placed to the depth of 50 cm compared to its soil surface placement. The study of 90Sr under the Dogwood was of 12 years long. The placement of radionuclide to the depth of 50 cm compared to soil surface placement causes reduction of 90Sr accumulation in the bark, wood and leaves for 3,6; 2,2 and 3,0 times respectively.
Number of views: 1852 Download in PDF
Aggregation of Natural Disperse Formations: Value of Organic Matter, Soluble Salts And Diatoms
Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 77-86.
Number of views: 1869 Download in PDF
7. Victor Ya. TsvetkovBiogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 77-86.
Abstract:
Microaggregates in natural dispersed bodies – sustainable formations sizes less than 250 microns, in which the interparticle bonds are formed by organic matter, clay salts, diatomaceous spillways and some other substances. Organic matter in the microaggregates exist in inaccessible state in sustainable forms, and is not subjected to dehumification. But organic matter controls also the ability of soil to retain the structure in water; and the stability of the wet soil under external mechanical action. Dominant interactive forces between organic substances and the surface of mineral particles typically have sorption nature, hydrophobic interaction, ionic (or electrostatic nature) compound and van der Waals interactions. In saline soils and rocks microaggregates are presented in clay-salt formations. One of the possible types aggregate formation in saline soils may be the formation of quasicrystals. Packaging particle size and shape depend on the content of microaggregates and salts properties involved in their formation. The carbonates (calcite, dolomite) and ferruginous form clay-salt microaggregates. In many ways the formation of microaggregates in soils and other natural systems caused by bio-organic macromolecules produced by algae, particularly diatoms which uses a special strategy for connection with other particles (spines). A very promising direction is to study the formation of microaggregates under the influence of diatoms, which dominate in hydromorphic soils, moist habitats, river valleys. Numerous literature and own experimental data are discussed.
Microaggregates in natural dispersed bodies – sustainable formations sizes less than 250 microns, in which the interparticle bonds are formed by organic matter, clay salts, diatomaceous spillways and some other substances. Organic matter in the microaggregates exist in inaccessible state in sustainable forms, and is not subjected to dehumification. But organic matter controls also the ability of soil to retain the structure in water; and the stability of the wet soil under external mechanical action. Dominant interactive forces between organic substances and the surface of mineral particles typically have sorption nature, hydrophobic interaction, ionic (or electrostatic nature) compound and van der Waals interactions. In saline soils and rocks microaggregates are presented in clay-salt formations. One of the possible types aggregate formation in saline soils may be the formation of quasicrystals. Packaging particle size and shape depend on the content of microaggregates and salts properties involved in their formation. The carbonates (calcite, dolomite) and ferruginous form clay-salt microaggregates. In many ways the formation of microaggregates in soils and other natural systems caused by bio-organic macromolecules produced by algae, particularly diatoms which uses a special strategy for connection with other particles (spines). A very promising direction is to study the formation of microaggregates under the influence of diatoms, which dominate in hydromorphic soils, moist habitats, river valleys. Numerous literature and own experimental data are discussed.
Number of views: 1869 Download in PDF
Structural Analysis Based on Living Systems Algorithms
Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 87-95.
Number of views: 1871 Download in PDF
8. Biogeosystem Technique, 2016, Vol.(7), Is. 1, pp. 87-95.
Abstract:
This article describes the analysis of structures of spatial objects, using living systems algorithms. This article contains an overview of methods for the analysis of different structures. The analysis shows the absence to date address the analysis of spatial topological structures. The article compares the methods of decision-making and analysis of structures. The article proves the possibility of the application of decision analysis methods for the analysis of structures. The article reveals the contents of the ant algorithm as the algorithm of living systems. The paper describes the possibility of using ant algorithm to analyze the structure. The article proves the possibility of the use of information superiority criterion for selecting solutions for structure analysis. The article proves the similarity analysis of the structure with the solution of problems of the second kind.
This article describes the analysis of structures of spatial objects, using living systems algorithms. This article contains an overview of methods for the analysis of different structures. The analysis shows the absence to date address the analysis of spatial topological structures. The article compares the methods of decision-making and analysis of structures. The article proves the possibility of the application of decision analysis methods for the analysis of structures. The article reveals the contents of the ant algorithm as the algorithm of living systems. The paper describes the possibility of using ant algorithm to analyze the structure. The article proves the possibility of the use of information superiority criterion for selecting solutions for structure analysis. The article proves the similarity analysis of the structure with the solution of problems of the second kind.
Number of views: 1871 Download in PDF