2 December 25, 2018
1. Andrey Е. Borovlev, Evgenia Ya. Zelenskaya
Use of the Air Pollution Summary Calculations for Industrial Emission Regulation in the City of Belgorod
Biogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 149-158.
Number of views: 1103 Download in PDF
2. Alexey P. Glinushkin, Valery N. Kudeyarov, Michael S. Sokolov, Vladimir E. Zinchenko, Vladimir V. ChernenkoBiogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 149-158.
Abstract:
The problematic issues of the industrial enterprises emission quotas justification on the atmospheric air pollution summary calculations for the Belgorod city environment taking into account the stationary and mobile sources are considered. For solving a problem, the complex of research and development it to be performed including: remote measurement of the atmosphere temperature profile using the MTR-5 profile meter, fine particles content determination at the points of air pollution control using the OMPN-10.0 dust meter (based on the Dust Trak optical unit); the cement production rotating furnaces and steel pipes production furnaces heavy metals air release determination; soil ecological condition assessment in the industry’s release contamination zone using the integral calculation score as a basis for the areas contaminated with heavy metals remediation needs justifying, as well as for selecting appropriate designing solutions most environmentally and economically appropriate in the specific conditions. Proposals are presented for the computational monitoring of air pollution with suspended particles RM10 and RM2.5 based on GIS analysis of instrumental research data, as well as on the results of calculations of the total atmospheric pollution with solid particles. An original approach to the geoecological assessment of technogenic air pollution influence on unsealed soils of the functional zones of the city for the environmental regulation of industrial emissions of carbonate dust into the air on the basis of the allowable contributions of enterprises to air pollution establishing is proposed.
The problematic issues of the industrial enterprises emission quotas justification on the atmospheric air pollution summary calculations for the Belgorod city environment taking into account the stationary and mobile sources are considered. For solving a problem, the complex of research and development it to be performed including: remote measurement of the atmosphere temperature profile using the MTR-5 profile meter, fine particles content determination at the points of air pollution control using the OMPN-10.0 dust meter (based on the Dust Trak optical unit); the cement production rotating furnaces and steel pipes production furnaces heavy metals air release determination; soil ecological condition assessment in the industry’s release contamination zone using the integral calculation score as a basis for the areas contaminated with heavy metals remediation needs justifying, as well as for selecting appropriate designing solutions most environmentally and economically appropriate in the specific conditions. Proposals are presented for the computational monitoring of air pollution with suspended particles RM10 and RM2.5 based on GIS analysis of instrumental research data, as well as on the results of calculations of the total atmospheric pollution with solid particles. An original approach to the geoecological assessment of technogenic air pollution influence on unsealed soils of the functional zones of the city for the environmental regulation of industrial emissions of carbonate dust into the air on the basis of the allowable contributions of enterprises to air pollution establishing is proposed.
Number of views: 1103 Download in PDF
Nature-Similar Technologies of the Biogeosystem Technique in Solving a Global Social and Environmental Problem
Biogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 159-196.
Number of views: 1115 Download in PDF
3. Galina V. Kharitonova, Evgeny V. Shein, Valeria O. Krutikova, Andrey V. OstrouhovBiogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 159-196.
Abstract:
Soil fertility is associated with the soil health, which determines the environment-forming (ecological) functions of the terrestrial-soil ecosystem – biological quality of products, and minimized eco- and sociosphere eco-toxic load. In the current conflict of the biosphere and technogenesis, it is important to avoid the increasing evolutionary risks associated primarily with the negative consequences of the global socio-environmental problem. For this a predictable co-evolution of technosphere (noosphere) and biosphere is the most acceptable wayout. In this regard, the development of fundamentally new nature-similar solutions and technologies in relation to balance – pools, drivers, fluxes – of the most important biophilic elements (carbon and other) is relevant. Today, the ability to control the carbon cycle in agrosphere is very limited. In addition, the data on this balance calculated via different models differ significantly. Apparently, it is most realistic to intensify carbon sink into the terrestrial-soil ecosystem. The technological potential for Balance enrichment of C capture and storage (BECCS) currently looks truncated due to traditional approach to ecosphere management. The nutrients (in particular, nitrogen) that are introduced into the soil in large quantities are largely eliminated from the root layer due to leaching and/or volatilization. In general, the agrogeochemical balance of NPK in the soils of Russia is very unfavorable, largely due to the systematic surplus exports of mineral fertilizers abroad. With the soil mprovement and optimization of the most important crops mineral nutrition, the country in the nearest future can become a leader of the food exporters. It is necessary to rethink the interaction of socium with biosphere as well as with most important component of biosphere, the pedosphere. As a new development paradigm, “Biogeosystem Technique” was proposed – an innovative scientific and technological direction as a framework of nature-similar algorithms, technologies and technical solutions. One of this is a soil aggregates and biogeochemical cycle management in order to create the nature-similar biogeosystems with transcendental properties. The principle proposed of soil reclamation via the milling of illuvial horizon (layer 20–45 cm), which ensures the growth of agrocenosis productivity and achieving the consistently high economic indicators for a long period. A new nature-similar water strategy of Biogeosystem Technique is proposed – the intra-soil continual-discrete humidification paradigm. In the supply phase, water is injected into the soil in a controlled dose, distributed in a vertical primary moistening cylinder at a depth of 10–40 cm. Subsequently, moisture from the primary moistening cylinder is redistributed by capillary, film, and vapor transfer. The proposed humidification technology eliminates the loss of water, its negative excess effect on the soil and agrolandscape, typical for standard irrigation. A nature-similar technology for mineral and organic wastes recycling has been proposed and substantiated, ensuring (simultaneously with a 20–45 cm layer intra-soil milling) the in-situ synthesis of meliorating and fertilizer substances. The developed artificial geophysical aggregate system ("soil – waste") is a priority recycling substrate. As a result, the phytoimmune status of the soil is optimized, its bioremediation is ensured, and a phytosanitary situation in the agrophytocenosis is improved. Thus, the controlled coevolutionary intensification of the agrosphere by the methods of Biogeosystem Technique will ensure an effective implementation of the state strategic programs for development of nature-similar technologies. This will improve the quality of life of the population, and a real solution to the global socio-environmental problem will provide the additional biofuels, raw materials and food production, the sustainability of biosphere will be increased by implementation of biodiversity saving, agriculture biologizing, and soil-protective strategy.
Soil fertility is associated with the soil health, which determines the environment-forming (ecological) functions of the terrestrial-soil ecosystem – biological quality of products, and minimized eco- and sociosphere eco-toxic load. In the current conflict of the biosphere and technogenesis, it is important to avoid the increasing evolutionary risks associated primarily with the negative consequences of the global socio-environmental problem. For this a predictable co-evolution of technosphere (noosphere) and biosphere is the most acceptable wayout. In this regard, the development of fundamentally new nature-similar solutions and technologies in relation to balance – pools, drivers, fluxes – of the most important biophilic elements (carbon and other) is relevant. Today, the ability to control the carbon cycle in agrosphere is very limited. In addition, the data on this balance calculated via different models differ significantly. Apparently, it is most realistic to intensify carbon sink into the terrestrial-soil ecosystem. The technological potential for Balance enrichment of C capture and storage (BECCS) currently looks truncated due to traditional approach to ecosphere management. The nutrients (in particular, nitrogen) that are introduced into the soil in large quantities are largely eliminated from the root layer due to leaching and/or volatilization. In general, the agrogeochemical balance of NPK in the soils of Russia is very unfavorable, largely due to the systematic surplus exports of mineral fertilizers abroad. With the soil mprovement and optimization of the most important crops mineral nutrition, the country in the nearest future can become a leader of the food exporters. It is necessary to rethink the interaction of socium with biosphere as well as with most important component of biosphere, the pedosphere. As a new development paradigm, “Biogeosystem Technique” was proposed – an innovative scientific and technological direction as a framework of nature-similar algorithms, technologies and technical solutions. One of this is a soil aggregates and biogeochemical cycle management in order to create the nature-similar biogeosystems with transcendental properties. The principle proposed of soil reclamation via the milling of illuvial horizon (layer 20–45 cm), which ensures the growth of agrocenosis productivity and achieving the consistently high economic indicators for a long period. A new nature-similar water strategy of Biogeosystem Technique is proposed – the intra-soil continual-discrete humidification paradigm. In the supply phase, water is injected into the soil in a controlled dose, distributed in a vertical primary moistening cylinder at a depth of 10–40 cm. Subsequently, moisture from the primary moistening cylinder is redistributed by capillary, film, and vapor transfer. The proposed humidification technology eliminates the loss of water, its negative excess effect on the soil and agrolandscape, typical for standard irrigation. A nature-similar technology for mineral and organic wastes recycling has been proposed and substantiated, ensuring (simultaneously with a 20–45 cm layer intra-soil milling) the in-situ synthesis of meliorating and fertilizer substances. The developed artificial geophysical aggregate system ("soil – waste") is a priority recycling substrate. As a result, the phytoimmune status of the soil is optimized, its bioremediation is ensured, and a phytosanitary situation in the agrophytocenosis is improved. Thus, the controlled coevolutionary intensification of the agrosphere by the methods of Biogeosystem Technique will ensure an effective implementation of the state strategic programs for development of nature-similar technologies. This will improve the quality of life of the population, and a real solution to the global socio-environmental problem will provide the additional biofuels, raw materials and food production, the sustainability of biosphere will be increased by implementation of biodiversity saving, agriculture biologizing, and soil-protective strategy.
Number of views: 1115 Download in PDF
Calcium Carbonate Formations in Edaphic Components of Ecosystems
Biogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 197-212
Number of views: 1089 Download in PDF
4. Anton O. NigtenBiogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 197-212
Abstract:
Calcium carbonate is an important component of the edaphic components of ecosystems (soils, river and lake sediments, suspensions). Calcite, aragonite, and vaterite are the three its polymorphs, in order of decreasing thermodynamic stability. Aragonite and vaterite, as less thermodynamically stable and more soluble polymorphs than calcite, are found in natural setting much rare (except for their biogenic formations) and are much less studied. Although they are important precursors in many carbonate-forming systems. We found examples of vaterite microforms in the river ice suspensions, river and lake bottom sediments of the different natural zones – the Amur and the Simmi Rivers (the Amur River basin, Khabarovsk Region, Russia), the Jordan River (Jordan). Vaterite was originally thought to have a very short lifespan; however it may have greater longevity. In the presence of low molecular amino acids ex and in situ vaterite is stabilized as toroidal suprastructures. The age of peat stratum, in which the toroidal vaterite microforms were found, is more than 6000 years. Another polymorphic carbonate modification, aragonite, is stabilized in the bottom sediments of drainless lakes of the arid zone with extremely high salinity, e.g. the famous ooids of the Grand Salt Lake (USA). However, outside the "habitat" – the salt water of the lake – aragonite ooids are destroyed.
Calcium carbonate is an important component of the edaphic components of ecosystems (soils, river and lake sediments, suspensions). Calcite, aragonite, and vaterite are the three its polymorphs, in order of decreasing thermodynamic stability. Aragonite and vaterite, as less thermodynamically stable and more soluble polymorphs than calcite, are found in natural setting much rare (except for their biogenic formations) and are much less studied. Although they are important precursors in many carbonate-forming systems. We found examples of vaterite microforms in the river ice suspensions, river and lake bottom sediments of the different natural zones – the Amur and the Simmi Rivers (the Amur River basin, Khabarovsk Region, Russia), the Jordan River (Jordan). Vaterite was originally thought to have a very short lifespan; however it may have greater longevity. In the presence of low molecular amino acids ex and in situ vaterite is stabilized as toroidal suprastructures. The age of peat stratum, in which the toroidal vaterite microforms were found, is more than 6000 years. Another polymorphic carbonate modification, aragonite, is stabilized in the bottom sediments of drainless lakes of the arid zone with extremely high salinity, e.g. the famous ooids of the Grand Salt Lake (USA). However, outside the "habitat" – the salt water of the lake – aragonite ooids are destroyed.
Number of views: 1089 Download in PDF
Re-inventing Agriculture!
Biogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 213-228.
Number of views: 1102 Download in PDF
5. Bogusław Wiłkomirski, Zafarjon A. Jabbarov, Tokhtasin A. Abdrakhmanov, Maftuna B. Vokhidova, Bakhrom T. Jabborov, Mashkura F. Fakhrutdinova, Alla A. Okolelova, Shovkat M. Kholdorov, Yulduz D. AbdullayevaBiogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 213-228.
Abstract:
During the last 200 years the idea became paramount that crops grow well on inorganic artificial fertilizers. After World War two there was a high pressure in the USA and Western Europe to stop investigating other forms of plant feeding. At the end of the 19th century there was the controversy between Béchamp and Pasteur about microbes. Béchamp defended the idea that the circumstances create diseases in plants and animals, and Pasteur was of the opinion that it was mere accident. Pasteur won, but not on scientific grounds. During these 200 years the debate never stopped completely. Inorganic fertilizing with a strong focus on nitrogen, potassium and phosphor led to crops which were more and more out of balance. A reaction was unavoidable. Many scientists concentrated their efforts on the risks of unbalanced crops. Especially for cattle. But only few scientists translated these findings into the risks for humans. Other groups found out that the ideas of Pasteur on microbes were incorrect. Microbes attack higher organisms when the macro elements are not in balance and nitrogen is not converted into proteins. In this paper I tried to investigate the risks of the dominant paradigm in the science of feed and nutrition with regard to fertilizing and health. I developed optimal rations for the macro elements potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphor. And with these optimal ratios we can see where things go wrong. Through the quality of the feed and fodder the quality of the milk has gone down, and the risk of mastitis has gone upAnd important crops like potatoes, tomatoes and fruits are not in balance and have lost their natural resistance, their qualities and their taste. As a consequence in many countries people don’t get enough magnesium – the key element for staying healthy. In most of the food research the role of magnesium is completely ignored. The second line is about the role of the microbes in health and disease. The recent research regarding the role of viroids in our cells starts where the work of Béchamp ended. Only a small group of scientists continued finding out about the role of microbes smaller than bacteria. There was a special focus on their role in cancer. But with the recent findings of Pradeu and his colleagues about their role in supporting our health the focus is back on their unmissable role in the health of plants, animals and men. The main question is when and why these symbiontic viroids stop being symbiontic and start being pathogenic. The balanced minerals and trace elements are the main clue.
During the last 200 years the idea became paramount that crops grow well on inorganic artificial fertilizers. After World War two there was a high pressure in the USA and Western Europe to stop investigating other forms of plant feeding. At the end of the 19th century there was the controversy between Béchamp and Pasteur about microbes. Béchamp defended the idea that the circumstances create diseases in plants and animals, and Pasteur was of the opinion that it was mere accident. Pasteur won, but not on scientific grounds. During these 200 years the debate never stopped completely. Inorganic fertilizing with a strong focus on nitrogen, potassium and phosphor led to crops which were more and more out of balance. A reaction was unavoidable. Many scientists concentrated their efforts on the risks of unbalanced crops. Especially for cattle. But only few scientists translated these findings into the risks for humans. Other groups found out that the ideas of Pasteur on microbes were incorrect. Microbes attack higher organisms when the macro elements are not in balance and nitrogen is not converted into proteins. In this paper I tried to investigate the risks of the dominant paradigm in the science of feed and nutrition with regard to fertilizing and health. I developed optimal rations for the macro elements potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphor. And with these optimal ratios we can see where things go wrong. Through the quality of the feed and fodder the quality of the milk has gone down, and the risk of mastitis has gone upAnd important crops like potatoes, tomatoes and fruits are not in balance and have lost their natural resistance, their qualities and their taste. As a consequence in many countries people don’t get enough magnesium – the key element for staying healthy. In most of the food research the role of magnesium is completely ignored. The second line is about the role of the microbes in health and disease. The recent research regarding the role of viroids in our cells starts where the work of Béchamp ended. Only a small group of scientists continued finding out about the role of microbes smaller than bacteria. There was a special focus on their role in cancer. But with the recent findings of Pradeu and his colleagues about their role in supporting our health the focus is back on their unmissable role in the health of plants, animals and men. The main question is when and why these symbiontic viroids stop being symbiontic and start being pathogenic. The balanced minerals and trace elements are the main clue.
Number of views: 1102 Download in PDF
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Natural and Anthropogenically Modified Soils (A Review)
Biogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 229-243.
Number of views: 1064 Download in PDF
6. Biogeosystem Technique, 2018, 5(2): 229-243.
Abstract:
Technological progress of over than seven-billion population forces an avalanche development of industry, transport and urbanization. The unusual demographic success of the Homo sapiens species has caused very serious environmental impact on abiotic and living organisms. One of the most visible phenomenon of anthropopressure is the increase of environmental contamination of water, air and soil with various xenobiotics, in particular with Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organics, but partly are of the natural biological and soil-biological origin. PAHs are low soluble in water, but highly lipophilic and easily adsorb on the air particles. PAHs are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. The assessments of PAHs and their remediation are important. The list issued by the US EPA in 1976 with a view to use chemical analysis for assessing risks to human health, contains a set of compounds of 16 PAHs following criteria of analytical standards availability, occurrence in environment; and toxicity information. The PAHs chemical transformations via destroying double bonds by oxidants are important for safe environment. PAH content in unpolluted soils of various types is relatively low. PAHs are degradable by some microorganisms in the soil. 90 % of PAHs present in environment can be stored in soils, sediments, and sedimentary rocks. PAH content in uncontaminated soils is aroud 100 ppb. In the airport area, due to jet turbine exhaust, the sum of 12 PAHs ranged from 2390 ppb to 7530 ppb. PAH concentration in the town soils is up to 12390 ppb. In the soils of railway junction concentrations of 14 PAHs in 1995 was 2243 ppb, and in 2008 up to 59508 ppb. PAHs concentrations in the soils of coking plant area reache 57921 ppb. The new analytical protocol for determination of PAHs and OPAHs are elaborated. There are many classifications determining the soil pollution degree due to the level of PAH. Poland Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation proposed “sum of 13 PAHs”, Poland Ministry Regulation provides “sum of nine PAHs”, Dutch List contains “sum of ten PAHs”. According every classification, under transport and industries anthropopressure, the soil PAH concentrations are dangerous to human health.
Technological progress of over than seven-billion population forces an avalanche development of industry, transport and urbanization. The unusual demographic success of the Homo sapiens species has caused very serious environmental impact on abiotic and living organisms. One of the most visible phenomenon of anthropopressure is the increase of environmental contamination of water, air and soil with various xenobiotics, in particular with Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organics, but partly are of the natural biological and soil-biological origin. PAHs are low soluble in water, but highly lipophilic and easily adsorb on the air particles. PAHs are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. The assessments of PAHs and their remediation are important. The list issued by the US EPA in 1976 with a view to use chemical analysis for assessing risks to human health, contains a set of compounds of 16 PAHs following criteria of analytical standards availability, occurrence in environment; and toxicity information. The PAHs chemical transformations via destroying double bonds by oxidants are important for safe environment. PAH content in unpolluted soils of various types is relatively low. PAHs are degradable by some microorganisms in the soil. 90 % of PAHs present in environment can be stored in soils, sediments, and sedimentary rocks. PAH content in uncontaminated soils is aroud 100 ppb. In the airport area, due to jet turbine exhaust, the sum of 12 PAHs ranged from 2390 ppb to 7530 ppb. PAH concentration in the town soils is up to 12390 ppb. In the soils of railway junction concentrations of 14 PAHs in 1995 was 2243 ppb, and in 2008 up to 59508 ppb. PAHs concentrations in the soils of coking plant area reache 57921 ppb. The new analytical protocol for determination of PAHs and OPAHs are elaborated. There are many classifications determining the soil pollution degree due to the level of PAH. Poland Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation proposed “sum of 13 PAHs”, Poland Ministry Regulation provides “sum of nine PAHs”, Dutch List contains “sum of ten PAHs”. According every classification, under transport and industries anthropopressure, the soil PAH concentrations are dangerous to human health.
Number of views: 1064 Download in PDF