1 June 20, 2019
1. Anton O. Nigten
How Healthy are Our Vegetables? Contours of a New Fertilizing Paradigm. Minerals and non Protein Nitrogen in Vegetables, Grown Organically and Respectively Conventionally. A Quality Assessment (Review)
Biogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 3-22.
Number of views: 1153 Download in PDF
2. Alla A. Okolelova, Thinh V. NguyenBiogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 3-22.
Abstract:
The last hundred and fifty years food and fodder scientists did a lot of – mostly forgotten – balance studies. As a general rule we can say that the ratios of potassium, calcium, sodium, phosphor and magnesium should not be too wide. The more one of these elements dominates in food and fodder the higher the health risks. The health authorities see only the risks of too much sodium. They negate the risks of too much potassium in vegetables and too much calcium and (added) phosphate in a.o. dairy products and meat. For the correct regulation of many processes in our bodies we need much more magnesium. A further complication is that we assimilate too much ammonium and nitrate through our food, and too little trace elements. This situation is partly brought about by the way we fertilize our crops. Most farmers – conventional and organic – have learnt that plants need in the first place nitrogen, potassium and phosphor. And some extra calcium for a good pH. Corrections for other elements are only necessary if the plants give visible signs of shortages. Part of the fertilizing theory is that organic nitrogen from plant residuals or animal dung must ‘mineralize’ into ammonium and nitrate before plants can take up the nitrogen. Also the other elements must be anions and cations before the plants can take them up.There is little attention for the role of the symbiontic microbes in the rhizosphere and at the other parts of the plants. And the risks of nitrate and ammonium for plant health and human health are taken as part of the game. This view on plant feeding is a mechanistic one, dominated by chemistry and physics. Biology is missing. Although this paradigm is still the dominant one, we see the contours of a new paradigm, in which the plants and their symbionts regulate their own feeding, their own growth. With the help of their symbionts around their roots and on their leaves and stems the plants take up from the soil or the air what they need: organic nitrogen; organic sulphur, and metals and non metals connected with carbon – not inorganic ions. The symbionts in the cells help to built up or break down complex organic compounds. All enzymatic reactions are performed by living entities in and around the cells. And we know: without (trace) elements no enzymatic reactions. Magnesium is responsible for at least 600 enzymatic reactions. Zinc for 400. If we look at the conventional and organic products we see that the balance is lacking, and the amount of nitrate and ammonium is high. Only the products which are fertilized with a.o. sea minerals (Normandy, 1869) are better in balance than the products today. The data on ammonium and nitrate in this period are not available. Even today we normally don’t measure ammonium and nitrate in our food. And only a few trace elements…
The last hundred and fifty years food and fodder scientists did a lot of – mostly forgotten – balance studies. As a general rule we can say that the ratios of potassium, calcium, sodium, phosphor and magnesium should not be too wide. The more one of these elements dominates in food and fodder the higher the health risks. The health authorities see only the risks of too much sodium. They negate the risks of too much potassium in vegetables and too much calcium and (added) phosphate in a.o. dairy products and meat. For the correct regulation of many processes in our bodies we need much more magnesium. A further complication is that we assimilate too much ammonium and nitrate through our food, and too little trace elements. This situation is partly brought about by the way we fertilize our crops. Most farmers – conventional and organic – have learnt that plants need in the first place nitrogen, potassium and phosphor. And some extra calcium for a good pH. Corrections for other elements are only necessary if the plants give visible signs of shortages. Part of the fertilizing theory is that organic nitrogen from plant residuals or animal dung must ‘mineralize’ into ammonium and nitrate before plants can take up the nitrogen. Also the other elements must be anions and cations before the plants can take them up.There is little attention for the role of the symbiontic microbes in the rhizosphere and at the other parts of the plants. And the risks of nitrate and ammonium for plant health and human health are taken as part of the game. This view on plant feeding is a mechanistic one, dominated by chemistry and physics. Biology is missing. Although this paradigm is still the dominant one, we see the contours of a new paradigm, in which the plants and their symbionts regulate their own feeding, their own growth. With the help of their symbionts around their roots and on their leaves and stems the plants take up from the soil or the air what they need: organic nitrogen; organic sulphur, and metals and non metals connected with carbon – not inorganic ions. The symbionts in the cells help to built up or break down complex organic compounds. All enzymatic reactions are performed by living entities in and around the cells. And we know: without (trace) elements no enzymatic reactions. Magnesium is responsible for at least 600 enzymatic reactions. Zinc for 400. If we look at the conventional and organic products we see that the balance is lacking, and the amount of nitrate and ammonium is high. Only the products which are fertilized with a.o. sea minerals (Normandy, 1869) are better in balance than the products today. The data on ammonium and nitrate in this period are not available. Even today we normally don’t measure ammonium and nitrate in our food. And only a few trace elements…
Number of views: 1153 Download in PDF
Principles of the Soil Red Book Compilation in Vietnam and Russia
Biogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 23-45.
Number of views: 981 Download in PDF
3. Gantumur Sambuu, Lyudmila A. Garetova, Elena L. Imranova, Olga A. Kirienko, Natalia K. Fischer, Khaliun Gantumur, Galina V. KharitonovaBiogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 23-45.
Abstract:
There are no reliable mechanisms for preserving the diversity of the soil cover as a whole, as information about soils is dispersed among different departments, each has its own idea of the value of soil objects and ways of its preservation. The following interrelated elements are included in the soil objects "red book": 1) soils of agricultural lands; 2) soils of the system of specially protected natural areas, including soils listed in the Red book; 3) soils alienated for non-agricultural use. The following categories are proposed as tools for assessing soil productivity: optimum or well-being area, normal state area, tolerance range, extreme. The division is based on the score of soil bonitet. It is offered to allocate the high productivity soils of the agricultural land which soil bonitet value is above of the average in the administrative and land-estimation areas that will serve as a basis for the sparing land-use mode assignment. The initiative to create the Red book of soils, the introduction of the status of "soil monument of nature" belongs to Russian scientists. But already in Vietnam too, on the basis of available protected areas for biodiversity conservation, they are working to identify the zonal soils types and assign them a status that allows to complete the monitoring of ecosystems and to protect the soil. Southeast Asia is a region of very high diversity of flora and fauna. In Vietnam after establishing the CUC Phuong national Park in 1962 in the North of the country, a network of protected areas was created. At present, in the country there are 30 national parks, 58 nature reserves and 46 protected natural areas. In the International Union for Conservation of Nature network (IUCN) of protected areas in Indochina and Malaysia, Vietnam is characterized by the highest level of endemism (WWW, 2008; FAO, 2010).
There are no reliable mechanisms for preserving the diversity of the soil cover as a whole, as information about soils is dispersed among different departments, each has its own idea of the value of soil objects and ways of its preservation. The following interrelated elements are included in the soil objects "red book": 1) soils of agricultural lands; 2) soils of the system of specially protected natural areas, including soils listed in the Red book; 3) soils alienated for non-agricultural use. The following categories are proposed as tools for assessing soil productivity: optimum or well-being area, normal state area, tolerance range, extreme. The division is based on the score of soil bonitet. It is offered to allocate the high productivity soils of the agricultural land which soil bonitet value is above of the average in the administrative and land-estimation areas that will serve as a basis for the sparing land-use mode assignment. The initiative to create the Red book of soils, the introduction of the status of "soil monument of nature" belongs to Russian scientists. But already in Vietnam too, on the basis of available protected areas for biodiversity conservation, they are working to identify the zonal soils types and assign them a status that allows to complete the monitoring of ecosystems and to protect the soil. Southeast Asia is a region of very high diversity of flora and fauna. In Vietnam after establishing the CUC Phuong national Park in 1962 in the North of the country, a network of protected areas was created. At present, in the country there are 30 national parks, 58 nature reserves and 46 protected natural areas. In the International Union for Conservation of Nature network (IUCN) of protected areas in Indochina and Malaysia, Vietnam is characterized by the highest level of endemism (WWW, 2008; FAO, 2010).
Number of views: 981 Download in PDF
Biogeochemical Characteristics of Soils in the Dzunbayan Oil-Producing Area (Eastern Mongolia)
Biogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 46-58.
Number of views: 959 Download in PDF
4. Evgeny V. Shein, Ahmed Y. Mady, Leonid I. Il’inBiogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 46-58.
Abstract:
For balances approach to Sustainable Development Goals, the physical and chemical degradation of soils, biological degradation of soil organic matter in result of oil pollution were studied. The data on the particle-size distribution, the content of chemical components and the number of microorganisms in the soils of the Dzunbayan (East Gobi) oil-producing area are presented. The studied soils are characterized by a bimodal distribution of particles: the main fraction is coarse sand (200–2000 μm), it ranges from 40 to 60 %. It is accompanied by fine silt (2–20 μm), its content reaches 17 %. A high content of chromium, copper, strontium, rubidium, cesium and arsenic was identified in soils, which reflect the geochemical specificity of the geological province. Due to arid climate of the study area soils are characterized by an alkaline reaction pH 8.2–8.7. Soils initially non-saline near the well are highly saline (salinity up to 0.7–1.2 %), due to the mining technologies used. The content of petroleum hydrocarbons (HC) in the soils of the study area varies from 9 to 60 mg/kg with a maximum in the vicinity of the operating well. The microbial community of soils is characterized by a high degree of adaptation to the conditions of the arid zone, salinity, high pH values, at the same time these conditions limit the development of typical representatives of soil microbiocenoses – actinomycetes and, to a greater extent, microscopic fungi. The total number of heterotrophic bacteria (TNH) in the studied soil samples varied within 1.22–3.49 106 CFU/g of dry soil, the share of hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria (HOB) was 12.6–18.9 % of TNH. The content of hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria (HOB) in the microbial community of soil (within 20 %) corresponds to the concentration boundary of pollution by hydrocarbons for the studied soils (up to 60 mg/kg), which indicates that the microbial community is on the verge of fulfilling the ability to self-purification of the soil. The identified physico-chemical characteristics of the studied soils of the desert zone (dominance of sand fractions, high pH values, salinity) in combination with specific climatic conditions and features of the oil composition of the Dzunbayan deposit (prevalence of heavy paraffin fractions) characterize their low potential for self-purification from pollution by hydrocarbons. For sustainable solutions planning of the oil production, transportation, and pollution prevention the transcendental Biogeosystem Technique methodology will be helpful for Land Degradation Neutrality implementation.
For balances approach to Sustainable Development Goals, the physical and chemical degradation of soils, biological degradation of soil organic matter in result of oil pollution were studied. The data on the particle-size distribution, the content of chemical components and the number of microorganisms in the soils of the Dzunbayan (East Gobi) oil-producing area are presented. The studied soils are characterized by a bimodal distribution of particles: the main fraction is coarse sand (200–2000 μm), it ranges from 40 to 60 %. It is accompanied by fine silt (2–20 μm), its content reaches 17 %. A high content of chromium, copper, strontium, rubidium, cesium and arsenic was identified in soils, which reflect the geochemical specificity of the geological province. Due to arid climate of the study area soils are characterized by an alkaline reaction pH 8.2–8.7. Soils initially non-saline near the well are highly saline (salinity up to 0.7–1.2 %), due to the mining technologies used. The content of petroleum hydrocarbons (HC) in the soils of the study area varies from 9 to 60 mg/kg with a maximum in the vicinity of the operating well. The microbial community of soils is characterized by a high degree of adaptation to the conditions of the arid zone, salinity, high pH values, at the same time these conditions limit the development of typical representatives of soil microbiocenoses – actinomycetes and, to a greater extent, microscopic fungi. The total number of heterotrophic bacteria (TNH) in the studied soil samples varied within 1.22–3.49 106 CFU/g of dry soil, the share of hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria (HOB) was 12.6–18.9 % of TNH. The content of hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria (HOB) in the microbial community of soil (within 20 %) corresponds to the concentration boundary of pollution by hydrocarbons for the studied soils (up to 60 mg/kg), which indicates that the microbial community is on the verge of fulfilling the ability to self-purification of the soil. The identified physico-chemical characteristics of the studied soils of the desert zone (dominance of sand fractions, high pH values, salinity) in combination with specific climatic conditions and features of the oil composition of the Dzunbayan deposit (prevalence of heavy paraffin fractions) characterize their low potential for self-purification from pollution by hydrocarbons. For sustainable solutions planning of the oil production, transportation, and pollution prevention the transcendental Biogeosystem Technique methodology will be helpful for Land Degradation Neutrality implementation.
Number of views: 959 Download in PDF
Validation of HYDRUS-1D for Predicting of Soil Moisture Content with Hysteresis Effect
Biogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 59-64.
Number of views: 995 Download in PDF
5. Biogeosystem Technique, 2019, 6(1): 59-64.
Abstract:
HYDRUS-1D program is commonly used to estimate soil moisture, solute, and temperature flow in saturated and unsaturated zone under different initials and boundary conditions. The aim of the work was to validate the efficiency of HYDRUS-1D program for predicting soil moisture and temperature dynamics with hysteresis using HYDRUS-1D for clay loam Albic Glossic Retisols (Lomic, Cutanic) soils. The efficiency of HYDRUS-1D was determined by comparing field experiment measurements of soil moisture and temperature dynamics with its calculated soil moisture and temperature dynamics by HYDRUS-1D based on soil physical properties. The distribution and the values of measured soil moisture and temperature dynamics in the field were close to its calculated soil moisture and temperature using HYDRUS-1D with hysteresis effect of soil water retention. HYDRUS-1D program can be used for simulation of soil moisture and temperature dynamics, but more accurate calculations are possible when using the hysteresis effect of soil moisture retention curve for Сlay loam and silty Сlay loam soils.
HYDRUS-1D program is commonly used to estimate soil moisture, solute, and temperature flow in saturated and unsaturated zone under different initials and boundary conditions. The aim of the work was to validate the efficiency of HYDRUS-1D program for predicting soil moisture and temperature dynamics with hysteresis using HYDRUS-1D for clay loam Albic Glossic Retisols (Lomic, Cutanic) soils. The efficiency of HYDRUS-1D was determined by comparing field experiment measurements of soil moisture and temperature dynamics with its calculated soil moisture and temperature dynamics by HYDRUS-1D based on soil physical properties. The distribution and the values of measured soil moisture and temperature dynamics in the field were close to its calculated soil moisture and temperature using HYDRUS-1D with hysteresis effect of soil water retention. HYDRUS-1D program can be used for simulation of soil moisture and temperature dynamics, but more accurate calculations are possible when using the hysteresis effect of soil moisture retention curve for Сlay loam and silty Сlay loam soils.
Number of views: 995 Download in PDF